كيمياء

Chemistry is the science that studies matter and the changes that occur to it, specifically by studying its properties, structure, structure, behavior, interactions and what happens through it. Chemistry studies atoms and the bonds that occur between them to form molecules, and how these molecules are subsequently linked to form matter.

It also studies the interactions that occur between them. Chemistry has great importance in our lives, and it enters into many fields and plays an important role in industries of all kinds, such as food industries, cleaning materials industry, paints, dyes, pharmaceuticals and drugs, textiles, clothing, weapons, etc., and it has other applications in medicine and other sciences, and chemistry is called a label Central science, for its essential role in linking the natural sciences together.

Chemistry is a natural science that includes physics, earth sciences, astronomy, and biology. The history of the chemistry industry has a profound impact on the field of chemistry in general. Physics also studies matter, but it studies the quantities of space, matter, and the laws that govern them. Chemistry is a branch of the physical sciences, but it is not a branch of physics.

Jaber bin Hayyan, nicknamed the Father of Chemistry, is considered the true founder of the concept of chemistry, which is based on the concept of empiricism, as he says: The duty of the worker in chemistry is to work and conduct experiment, and knowledge can only be obtained through it.

The Arabs even called chemistry in general “Sana’a Jaber,” and the word “chemistry” is of Arabic origin, and the word is derived from a quantitative source, meaning hidden and hidden. Chemistry is divided into several branches, from which other departments branch off, the most important of which are: general chemistry, which studies the basic principles of chemistry, and organic chemistry, which is concerned with the study of organic materials, that is, those containing the element carbon, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry and analytical chemistry.

Man has known chemistry since ancient times, and ancient chemistry was termed alchemy, which is a mixture of the practice of chemistry, physics, astronomy and philosophy; which was practiced in an unscientific manner, and was not without sorcery and semiotics; Which Ibn Khaldun defined alchemy as: a science that looks at the material in which gold and silver are formed by industry.

This art has been associated since ancient civilizations with metals, mining, the manufacture of colors, medicine, and some artistic industries such as leather tanning, cloth dyeing, glass industry, and even cooking food may be accompanied by certain chemical changes, such as the fragrant plant planted by the Americans in Venezuela thousands of years BC, and the roots of this plant contain acid The deadly hydrocyanic, the ancient Native Americans knew this toxic substance and got rid of it by heating, which turns this acid into non-toxic substances. Since more than three thousand years BC, man used an alum solution and some dyes prepared from tannins, the bark of some tree fruits, and the leaves of the sumac plant in coloring leather and cloth.

Early human civilizations such as the Chinese, Egyptian, Babylonian and Indian civilizations succeeded in collecting practical knowledge regarding mining, pottery making and pigments, but they did not develop an organized theoretical knowledge that could be considered a science.

As the hypotheses of alchemy appeared in the country of the Greeks, when it was believed by some Greek philosophers that the world consists of four basic elements, the intermingling of which constitutes every known body in the universe, and this hypothesis was put forward in its final form by Aristotle, who assumed that these elements are fire, air, earth and water. In Greece, too, atomic philosophy appeared, dating back to the fifth century BC, when the Greek philosopher Democritus assumed that all substances consist of infinitely small indivisible particles called atoms. Contrary to the atomic theory in modern sciences, the concept of the atom in the Greeks was completely philosophical. It was not based on observation and scientific experimentation.